tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43174028822021833042024-03-05T00:55:18.422-08:00OtomotifKukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.comBlogger76125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-70049660687303682462013-03-15T18:43:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:43:08.583-07:00Vespa Racing <div class="region-inner header-inner">
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<span class="caption">Vespa PX 150 Exclusive tahun '85</span>
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Tips Buat modifikasi Vespa Racing</h2>
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Membuat vespa racing tentu ada maksud dan tujuan,
apakah sebagai penampilan atau memang untuk dipakai berlomba, tampilan
pun bervariasi body apa adanya atau body dibuat rapi juga dari mesin
yang dipakai,<br />Standard (menggunakan part vespa) Seher, Karburator 20/20, Block dll.<br />Bebas biasanya disebut NBR (Non Block racing), Seher bebas (King, RXZ dll), karburator 24/24 vespa dan Block vespa<br />Bebas Racing Full (FFA) Block, Seher, karbu tidak ada batasan.</div>
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Kalo mo modif Vespa menjadi Racing butuh Modal yang kuenccceng bro. Neh gw kasi bocoran Parts nye ye ...<br /><br />1.
Untuk Body biasanya pada bagian bush step (injakan rem) dipindah ke
belakang, Stang di tekuk, bila Body PX atau Excel Fork diganti dengan
Fork Super / PS<br /> <br /> </div>
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2.Kalo nggak
eman-eman, tuh body bagian belakang plus tepongnya di potong miring.
Biar keliatan nungging gan !! (khusus Vespa PX)</div>
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<br />3. Cat bervariasi, Merah / Hitam / Kuning<br /><br />4.
Mesin yang utama adalah pengisapan masih ori, gigi yang dipakai PS
Strada / Spartan, knalpot racing lainnya sudah dijelaskan diatas<br /><br />5. Kepala biasanya di tekuk</div>
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6. Blok harus Racing Punya (buatan) : PINASCO atau MALOSSI Blok tersebut punya lubang bilas berjumlah 6 (enam) plus Seher dan<span> </span>Head Silinder, jadi dengan kata lain ukuran CC berubah menjadi 200cc</div>
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7. Karbu juga berubah musti pake punya SPARTAN 24/24 tapi<span> </span>harus direamer lagi biar kenceng suplai bahan bakarnye, nyomot kabu RX KING juga OK.</div>
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8.
Kopling juga neh harus kudu diperhatikan Kopling harus pake racing
karena Kampasnye berjumlah 4 (empat) bukan seperti yang kita pake.</div>
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9. Knalpot juga mempengaruhi tendangan mesinnya bro, pake knalpot racing plus silincer ninja.</div>
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10. Budget, mesin aja untuk standard / NBR siapin aja 2 juta.</div>
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_itu aj bray.. gue jamin vespa loe tampil asik n larinya ngaciiiiiiiiir ....!!</div>
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Pengikut</h2>
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<span class="caption">vespa ala ninja</span>
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<span class="caption">buritan tampak nungging</span>
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<span class="caption">tampak atas</span>
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<span class="caption">reza dan scooter nya</span>
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Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-29059705376818579222013-03-15T18:41:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:41:08.766-07:00Gallery Vespa Racing Jabar : Ziza KAC Road Race <header class="entry-header">
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This entry was posted on 11/04/2012<span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://skutikzone.com/author/adminskutikzone/" rel="author" title="View all posts by OZ Corp">OZ Corp</a></span></span>, in <a href="http://skutikzone.com/category/news/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in News">News</a>, <a href="http://skutikzone.com/category/sport/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Sport">Sport</a>. Bookmark the <a href="http://skutikzone.com/2012/04/11/gallery-vespa-racing-jabar-ziza-kac-road-race/" rel="bookmark" title="Permalink to Gallery Vespa Racing Jabar : Ziza KAC Road Race">permalink</a>. <span class="comments-link"><a href="http://skutikzone.com/2012/04/11/gallery-vespa-racing-jabar-ziza-kac-road-race/#comments" title="Comment on Gallery Vespa Racing Jabar : Ziza KAC Road Race">6 Comments</a></span>
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<a href="http://skutikzone.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/img_02581.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-551" height="300" src="http://skutikzone.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/img_02581.jpg?w=200&h=300" title="IMG_0258" width="200" /></a><br />
<strong>Skutikzone.com-Bandung.</strong> Tetap bertahannya balap
vespa di Jawa Barat karena tumbuh dan berkembang seiring dengan
pertumbuhan club atapun komunitas skuter/vespa Jabar yang mencapai
puluhan ribu orang anggotannya…<br />
Filosofi Vespa yang kalau bahasa kita seh “Lebah”, karakter yang
tenang dan santun dan memberi kedamaian, tapi akan menyerang untuk
membela diri apabila merasa terancam ataupun disakiti…<br />
Makanya sampe kapanpun Vespa racing akan terus berkembang. Baik
berjalan dengan kegiatan balap over all maupun akan bikin event sendiri
apabila keinginan komunitas balap scooter tidak terakomodir…naah….Vespa
juga bisa OMR ko coyy…(edi)<br />
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Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-77023759967500732642013-03-15T18:39:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:39:47.788-07:00Modifikasi Vespa Guardian Uye<h2 class="entry-title">
<br /></h2>
<div class="entry-meta">
<span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="http://overbore.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/modifikasi-vespa-guardian-uye/" rel="bookmark" title="10:22"><span class="entry-date">February 28, 2013</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://overbore.wordpress.com/author/hardiasbantuly/" title="View all posts by hardiasbantuly">hardiasbantuly</a></span> <span class="by-author"><span class="sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://overbore.wordpress.com/author/hardiasbantuly/" rel="author" title="View all posts by hardiasbantuly">hardiasbantuly</a></span> </span> </div>
<a href="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500_6.jpg"><img alt="guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500_6" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1502" src="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500_6.jpg?w=640" /></a>Banyak
kita jumpai mas Dab lan mbak Yu,… modifikasi yang dilakukan pada motor
lawas ini. Biasanya dimodifikasi model ratstyle. Yup, genre yang cukup
populer saat ini… motor vespa dibuat sekumuh mungkin. Stang model ape
hanger yang kelewat tinggi <img alt=":mrgreen:" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s2.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_mrgreen.gif?m=1129645325g" /> Tapi salut, mereka adalah klub paling loyal mas Dab… <img alt=":D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif?m=1129645325g" /> rasa persaudaraan mereka lebih erat. Bener – bener susah senang bersama. Uye wes pokoke… <img alt=":mrgreen:" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s2.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_mrgreen.gif?m=1129645325g" /> <span id="more-1501"></span><br />
<a href="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500.jpg"><img alt="guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1503" src="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/guardian-astonishing-steampunk-vespa-by-pulsar-projects-photo-gallery-500.jpg?w=640" /></a>Tapi
modifikasi kali ini jauh berbeda, jauh dari kesan kotor maupun kumuh.
Tapi sangaaar, layaknya perisai, motor ini hampir full metal. Full
custom mas Dab lan mbak Yu… Dibuat oleh Cris Cofitis, seorang seniman
patung / pemahat. Layak diacungi jempol karena identitas vespa sebagai
motor lawas masih ada. Sangat jelas, orang pasti tau kalau itu adalah
motor vespa.<br />
<a href="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-panel-area.jpg"><img alt="modif vespa guardian panel area" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1504" height="450" src="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-panel-area.jpg?w=640&h=450" width="640" /></a>Nah
dari part metal inilah dibuat sebuah karya seni. Dari yang full chrome
sampai yang dipoles dengan alur tertentu sehingga terlihat seperti
motif. Juooos tenan, bener – bener mempertimbangkan faktor balance
antara seni dan mekanik. Panel – panel ditata rapi, detail dek tempat
pijakan kaki, sampai cover mesin kiri kanan dibuat eye catching. Wooow
aja g cukup neh… <img alt=":mrgreen:" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s2.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_mrgreen.gif?m=1129645325g" /> <br />
<a href="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-dek-area.jpg"><img alt="modif vespa guardian dek area" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1505" src="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-dek-area.jpg?w=640" /></a>Last, inilah karya seni. Lebih cocok dipajang dimuseum daripada dikontes modifikasi… <img alt=":mrgreen:" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s2.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_mrgreen.gif?m=1129645325g" /> wkwkwkwk… vintage, unique, massive armor. Sangaaaar… <img alt=":D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif?m=1129645325g" /> Monggo komentarnya…<br />
<a href="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-engine.jpg"><img alt="modif vespa guardian engine" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1506" src="http://overbore.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/modif-vespa-guardian-engine.jpg?w=640" /></a>Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-34544125253048058142013-03-15T18:38:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:38:40.319-07:00Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3734" height="297" src="http://idemodifikasimotor.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/dubupmzp1-300x222.jpg" width="400" /></div>
<strong>Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995</strong> Awalnya melihat sang bapak
Saban hari membesut Vespa kesayangannya membuat Andik yang sering disapa
pongki kesengsem. Motor keluaran terbaru yang dimilikinya rela dijual
untuk mendapatkan Vespa yang menjadi incarannya.<br />
<strong>Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995</strong> Setelah sang besutan
didapatkan, Andik tidak ingin tampil standar. Motor boleh tua, tampilan
harus muda, ujarnya. Langsung saja motor dilebur dengan warna biru tua
milik blinken membuat motor tampil garang<br />
<strong>Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995</strong> Sektor pengecetan
berlangsung, sektor kaki-kaki terkena ubahan dengan pemasangan pelek FA
Italy yang saat ini sedang digandrungi para pembesut motor tua. Untuk
finishing dengan pemasangan reflector sein milik Vespa PX New dan
keranjang barang di bagian belakang.<br />
<strong>Data Modifikasi Vespa PX 1995 :</strong><br />
<strong>Pelek </strong>: FA Italy , <strong>Jok</strong> : Custom , <strong>Keranjang </strong>: Variasi , <strong>Reflector sein</strong> : Vespa PX New , <strong>Bengkel Modifikasi</strong> : Kecenx Scoter Jump 99 Kambingan Pagu KediriKukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-50975842383116188472013-03-15T18:37:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:37:13.589-07:00Modifikasi Vespa, dari yang gembel sampai mentereng<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa_scooters_vespa_club_anak_5.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4539" height="404" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa_scooters_vespa_club_anak_5.jpg?w=497&h=404" title="vespa_scooters_vespa_club_anak_5" width="497" /></a><br />
Tidak bisa dipungkiri pecinta Scooter di Indonesia demikian banyak di
Indonesia. Mereka begitu fanatik sehingga sampai mau melakukan apapun
untuk bisa menarik perhatian di jalan. Nah inilah kadang yang menjadi
soal, gaya modifikasi yang aneh nyeleneh, lebay, ekstrem atau apapun itu
membuat beberapa orang mengenyitkan dahi.<br />
<span id="more-4538"></span><br />
Menurut dwinugros.wordpress.com, aliran modifikasi Vespa bisa dibagi
menjadi beberapa aliran seperti Classic Vintage, Brit Style, Racing
look, chooper, rat bike, low rider dan ekstrem. Dari beberapa aliran
tersebut aliran rat bike inilah yang sering menjadikan kesan negatif
penunggangnya, karena seperti rombengan berjalan. Berbagai barang yang
aneh ditempelin disitu sehingga terlihat kumuh. Salah satunya seperti
dibawah ini :<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_4540" style="width: 476px;">
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa-17.jpg"><img alt="Rat Bike" class="size-full wp-image-4540" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa-17.jpg?w=497" title="vespa (17)" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text">
Rat bike</div>
</div>
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/537745_451466914881781_100000554289030_1546009_169370960_n.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4546" height="358" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/537745_451466914881781_100000554289030_1546009_169370960_n.jpg?w=497&h=358" title="537745_451466914881781_100000554289030_1546009_169370960_n" width="497" /></a><br />
Selain yang “kumuh” tersebut sebenarnya masih lebih banyak modifikasi
yang menghasilkan motor yang cantik, unik dan elegan, contohnya seperti
dibawah ini :<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_4541" style="width: 310px;">
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/1952.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-4541" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/1952.jpg?w=497" title="1952" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text">
Classic Vintage</div>
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<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/becasidimpuan.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4542" height="372" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/becasidimpuan.jpg?w=497&h=372" title="becasidimpuan" width="497" /></a><br />
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ccc4355b9e1bd23421fd30ca2fa947d2-fullsize.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4543" height="372" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ccc4355b9e1bd23421fd30ca2fa947d2-fullsize.jpg?w=497&h=372" title="ccc4355b9e1bd23421fd30ca2fa947d2-fullsize" width="497" /></a><br />
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/modifikasi-vespa-scooter-3.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4544" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/modifikasi-vespa-scooter-3.jpg?w=497" title="Modifikasi Vespa scooter (3)" /></a><br />
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa-vw-bike1.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4545" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vespa-vw-bike1.jpg?w=497" title="vespa-vw-bike1" /></a><br />
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/kuningturing.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4547" height="372" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/kuningturing.jpg?w=497&h=372" title="kuningturing" width="497" /></a><br />
<a href="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/000956580026.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4548" height="329" src="http://motorek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/000956580026.jpg?w=497&h=329" title="000956580026" width="497" /></a><br />
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Apapun bentuk modifikasinya kecintaan mereka terhadap tunggangannya
patut diacungi jempol. Vespa tidak sekedar alat transportasi tetapi
telah menjadi saksi bisu perjalanan hidup penunggangnya baik suka maupun
duka.<br />
Punya pendapat lain? silahkan dishare …Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-76338377834156636942013-03-15T18:35:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:35:19.348-07:00Foto-Foto Modifikasi Vespa <br />
<img height="300" src="http://i1007.photobucket.com/albums/af198/jdeny/Vespizzare/100_2280.jpg" width="400" />
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<img height="281" src="http://gilamotor.com/image.php/Vespa%20Super%201964,%20Kembalinya%20si%20Lebah%20Besi.jpg?width=345&image=http://gilamotor.com/wp-content/uploads/14712_1.jpg" width="400" />
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<img height="299" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRToWzIpdmv9xqiaouK1XbJ3r4p6uEPfd6ZjBUAVByaOY2R4JBia1tF4gWdGw" width="400" />
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<img height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YujJTaa6Nc2PXiEvupbPf9djwCcdHuEmkgwtplaNxK1DR8LKSGuIiVVLuNOglxUmufLLsBA1kcdNbt5qd8EGH1T5UNglqjcApJZaurezCH_lbtMkiobeYyFvxlalBF1UjtgLanlcgbs/s400/1966-Super-150-Vespa.jpg" width="400" />
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Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-72909189502056718412013-03-15T18:33:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:33:15.936-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Newer_styles_and_spin-offs">Newer styles and spin-offs</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hip_hop_and_rap">Hip hop and rap</span></h4>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">Deejay (Jamaican)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></div>
Toasting is a style of talking over music, making heavy use of
rhythmic phrasing and rhyme patterns, that was developed in the 1950s by
Jamaican disc jockeys looking to add excitement to the mainly American
R&B records they played in outdoor venues, called "lawns", and
dancehalls. This style was developed by pioneers Count Machuki, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Stitt" title="King Stitt">King Stitt</a> and Sir Lord Comic who took the current style of introducing and speaking over records played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_system_%28Jamaican%29" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound systems</a>
and developed it into a unique style. As ska moved to rocksteady, this
style of vocals gained a wider audience among Jamaican listeners. One of
the earliest examples of this style is Sir Lord Comic's 1966 recording,
"The Great Wuga Wuga". This style finally gained chart topping
popularity in the late 1960s with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">deejays</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Roy" title="U-Roy">U-Roy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Alcapone" title="Dennis Alcapone">Dennis Alcapone</a> scoring numerous hits. This style of speaking over records may have had a great impact on a young Jamaican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a> named <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_DJ_Herc" title="Kool DJ Herc">Kool Herc</a>, who had emigrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>
in the late 1960s where he began holding parties in the Bronx. It was
Kool Herc's parties and the scene that sprung up around them that is
generally credited as birth of hip hop and rap. Mixing techniques
developed later in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a> have also influenced hip hop.Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-7017895405089929402013-03-15T18:32:00.003-07:002013-03-15T18:32:55.258-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lovers_rock">Lovers rock</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></div>
The lovers rock subgenre originated in South London in the mid-1970s. The lyrics are usually about love. It is similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>. Notable lovers rock artists include: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs" title="Gregory Isaacs">Gregory Isaacs</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_McGregor" title="Freddy McGregor">Freddy McGregor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brown" title="Dennis Brown">Dennis Brown</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Priest" title="Maxi Priest">Maxi Priest</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beres_Hammond" title="Beres Hammond">Beres Hammond</a>.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-74141136192284765882013-03-15T18:32:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:32:28.099-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Rockers">Rockers</span></h3>
The term "rockers" refers to a particular sound of roots reggae, pioneered in the mid-1970s by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_Robbie" title="Sly & Robbie">Sly & Robbie</a>,
and very popular in the late seventies. Rockers is best described as a
somewhat more mechanical and aggressive style of playing reggae<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> with a greater use of syncopated drum patterns.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-54935665108754962632013-03-15T18:31:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:31:21.879-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Dub">Dub</span></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a></div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub music</a></div>
Dub is a genre of reggae that was pioneered in the early days by studio producers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee 'Scratch' Perry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tubby" title="King Tubby">King Tubby</a>.
It involves extensive remixing of recorded material, and particular
emphasis is placed on the drum and bass line. The techniques used
resulted in an even more visceral feel described by King Tubby as
sounding "jus’ like a volcano in yuh head."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pablo" title="Augustus Pablo">Augustus Pablo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Dread" title="Mikey Dread">Mikey Dread</a> were two of the early notable proponents of this music style, which continues today.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-16524008017131980142013-03-15T18:30:00.003-07:002013-03-15T18:30:51.310-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Roots_reggae">Roots reggae</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></div>
Roots reggae usually refers to the most recognizable kind of reggae, popularized internationally by artists like Bob Marley and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a>,
which dominated Jamaican recordings from around 1972 into the early
1980s. While there are distinct musical characteristics to this era of
reggae music, the term "roots" often implies more the message of the
music than specifically its musical style and is still often used today
to refer either to a musical style/sub-genre or to give context to an
artists music that may, in fact, cover several sub-genres of reggae.
Roots reggae, in this descriptive sense, can be typified by lyrics
grounded in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafarian</a> movement's "Back to Africa" message, equation of colonialism and slavery with the Biblical captivity in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and, of course, the belief in one living God, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>, manifested as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s Emperor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>. Recurrent lyrical themes include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and resistance to economic and racial oppression as well as more poetic meditations on spiritual or topical themes.<br />
Musically, the "roots" sound and era have a number of distinct
features. Drummers developed more complex kick drum patterns based
around the "one drop" of rocksteady and incorporated influences from
funk and R&B. The guitar, piano and keyboard patterns in the music
were refined from the creative explorations of the early reggae era into
the patterns most recognizable as reggae throughout the world. Simple
chord progressions were often used to create a meditative feeling to
compliment the lyrical content of the songs. This refining of rhythmic
patterns and simplification of chord progressions brought the bass
guitar entirely to the forefront, helping to make bass one of the most
definitive features of reggae as a genre. Producer/engineers like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tubby" title="King Tubby">King Tubby</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>
and Prince Jammy (before he became a king) also played a large role in
the development of the roots sound, with their heavy use of tape delay
and reverb effects becoming one of the most recognizable features of the
music. The roots sound can be best identified in the Jamaican
recordings of the late 1970s by artists such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Romeo" title="Max Romeo">Max Romeo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abyssinians" title="The Abyssinians">The Abyssinians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_%28band%29" title="Culture (band)">Culture</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Vibration" title="Israel Vibration">Israel Vibration</a>.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-84406152462619592352013-03-15T18:30:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:30:06.030-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_reggae">Early reggae</span></h3>
The "early reggae" era can be looked as starting in roughly 1968. The influence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music from American record labels such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax</a>
began to permeate the music style of studio musicians and the slowing
in tempo that occurred with the development of rocksteady had allowed
musicians more space to experiment with different rhythmic patterns. One
of the developments which separated early reggae from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> was the "bubble" organ pattern, a percussive style of playing that showcased the eighth-note subdivision within the groove.<br />
The guitar "skanks" on the second and fourth beat of the bar began to be replaced by a strumming pattern similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>
and the so-called double chop that can be heard so audibly in the
introduction of Bob Marley's "Stir It Up" was developed during this
time. More emphasis was put on the groove of the music, and there was a
growing trend of recording a "version" on the B-side of a single. The
mass popularity of instrumental music in the ska and rocksteady eras
continued in reggae, producing some of the most memorable recordings of
the early reggae era. Cover versions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, Stax and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> songs remained popular in early reggae, often helping Jamaican artists gain a foothold in foreign markets such as the UK<br />
As a testament to its far reaching impact in other markets, this era
and sound of reggae is sometimes referred to in retrospect as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a> reggae" because of its popularity among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> skinhead <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>
in the UK during the late 1960s and early 1970s. One Caribbean band
based in London, The Pyramids, even released an entire album dedicated
to the unruly English youth culture under the name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symarip" title="Symarip">Symarip</a>
which featured songs such as "Skinhead Moonstomp" and "Skinhead Girl".
Eventually the, often experimental, sounds of early reggae gave way to
the more refined sound made popular by Bob Marley's most famous
recordings. Indeed this era seems fittingly capped off by the 1973
release of "Catch A Fire". Notable artists from this era include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holt_%28singer%29" title="John Holt (singer)">John Holt</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_%26_the_Maytals" title="Toots & the Maytals">Toots & the Maytals</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneers_%28band%29" title="The Pioneers (band)">The Pioneers</a>.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-63414264523102215862013-03-15T18:29:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:29:32.897-07:00<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Subgenres">Subgenres</span></h2>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a> performing with his band in 1978.</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_genres" title="Reggae genres">Reggae genres</a></div>
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-56599146334644107532013-03-15T18:28:00.001-07:002013-03-15T18:28:46.921-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Vocals">Vocals</span></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>'s former frontman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Campbell" title="Ali Campbell">Ali Campbell</a> performing in 2009.</div>
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The vocals in reggae are less of a defining characteristic of the
genre than the instrumentation and rhythm, as almost any song can be
performed in a reggae style. However, it is very common for reggae to be
sung in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a> dialects. Vocal harmony parts are often used, either throughout the melody (as with vocal groups such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Diamonds" title="Mighty Diamonds">Mighty Diamonds</a>), or as a counterpoint to the main vocal line (as with the backing vocalists, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Threes" title="I-Threes">I-Threes</a>). More complex vocal arrangements can be found in the works of groups like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abyssinians" title="The Abyssinians">The Abyssinians</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> reggae band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a>.<br />
An unusual aspect of reggae singing is that many singers use <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a></i> (volume oscillation) rather than <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a></i> (pitch oscillation). Notable exponents of this technique include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Andy" title="Horace Andy">Horace Andy</a> and vocal group <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Vibration" title="Israel Vibration">Israel Vibration</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">toasting</a> vocal style is unique to reggae, originating when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a>
improvised spoken introductions to songs (or "toasts") to the point
where it became a distinct rhythmic vocal style, and is generally
considered to be a precursor to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a>. It differs from rap mainly in that it is generally melodic, while rap is generally more a spoken form without melodic content.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lyrical_themes">Lyrical themes</span></h4>
Reggae is noted for its tradition of social criticism in its lyrics,
although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such
as love and socializing. Many early reggae bands covered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a> soul and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> songs. Some reggae lyrics attempt to raise the political consciousness of the audience, such as by criticizing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, or by informing the listener about controversial subjects such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" title="South Africa under apartheid">Apartheid</a>. Many reggae songs promote the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> (also known as <i>herb</i>, <i>ganja</i>, or <i>sinsemilla</i>), considered a sacrament in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movement#Reggae" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>.
There are many artists who utilize religious themes in their music —
whether it be discussing a specific religious topic, or simply giving
praise to God (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>). Other common socio-political topics in reggae songs include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a>, anti-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> and criticism of political systems and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafarian_vocabulary#Other_words" title="Rastafarian vocabulary">"Babylon"</a>.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_dancehall_and_ragga_lyrics">Criticism of dancehall and ragga lyrics</span></h4>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></div>
Some dancehall and ragga artists have been criticised for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> including threats of violence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a>'s
song "Boom Bye-Bye" states that gays "haffi dead". Other notable
dancehall artists who have been accused of homophobia include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Man_%28musician%29" title="Elephant Man (musician)">Elephant Man</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_Killer" title="Bounty Killer">Bounty Killer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenie_Man" title="Beenie Man">Beenie Man</a>.
The controversy surrounding anti-gay lyrics has led to the cancellation
of UK tours by Beenie Man and Sizzla. Toronto, Canada has also seen the
cancellation of concerts due to artists such as Elephant Man and Sizzla
refusing to conform to similar censorship pressures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
After lobbying from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a>
coalition, the dancehall music industry agreed in 2005 to stop
releasing songs that promote hatred and violence against gay people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, Beenie Man, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizzla" title="Sizzla">Sizzla</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capleton" title="Capleton">Capleton</a>
signed up to the Reggae Compassionate Act, in a deal brokered with top
dancehall promoters and Stop Murder Music activists. They renounced
homophobia and agreed to "not make statements or perform songs that
incite hatred or violence against anyone from any community". Five
artists targeted by the anti-homophobia campaign did not sign up to the
act, including Elephant Man, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.O.K." title="T.O.K.">TOK</a>, Bounty Killa and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vybz_Kartel" title="Vybz Kartel">Vybz Kartel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>
Buju Banton and Beenie Man both gained positive press coverage around
the world for publicly renouncing homophobia by signing the Reggae
Compassion Act. However, both of these artists have since denied any
involvement in anti-homophobia work and both deny having signed any such
act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-70721545115753923872013-03-15T18:27:00.005-07:002013-03-15T18:27:51.986-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Horns">Horns</span></h3>
Horn sections are frequently used in reggae, often playing
introductions and counter-melodies. Instruments included in a typical
reggae horn section include saxophone, trumpet or trombone. In more
recent times, real horns are sometimes replaced in reggae by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>
or recorded samples. The horn section is often arranged around the
first horn, playing a simple melody or counter melody. The first horn is
usually accompanied by the second horn playing the same melodic phrase
in unison, one octave higher. The third horn usually plays the melody an
octave and a fifth higher than the first horn. The horns are generally
played fairly softly, usually resulting in a soothing sound. However,
sometimes punchier, louder phrases are played for a more up-tempo and
aggressive sound.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-36589931886580208012013-03-15T18:27:00.002-07:002013-03-15T18:27:28.946-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Keyboards"> <b>KEYBOARDS</b></span></div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Keyboards">Keyboards</span>
<br />
From the late 1960s through to the early 1980s, a piano was often
used in reggae to double the rhythm guitar's skank, playing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_%28music%29" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> in a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a></i> style to add body, and playing occasional extra beats, runs and riffs. The piano part was widely taken over by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> during the 1980s, although synthesizers have been used in a peripheral role since the 1970s to play incidental melodies and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermelodies" title="Countermelodies">countermelodies</a>. Larger bands may include either an additional keyboardist, to cover or replace <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">horn</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> lines, or the main keyboardist filling these roles on two or more keyboards.<br />
The reggae organ-shuffle is unique to reggae. Typically, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>-style sound is used to play chords with a choppy feel. This is known as the <i>bubble</i>.
This may be the most difficult reggae keyboard rhythm. The organ bubble
can be broken down into 2 basic patterns. In the first, the 8th beats
are played with a space-left-right-left-space-left-right-left pattern,
where the spaces represent downbeats not played—that and the
left-right-left falls on the ee-and-a, or and-2-and if counted at double
time. In the second basic pattern, the left hand plays a double chop as
described in the guitar section while the right hand plays longer notes
on beat 2 (or beat 3 if counted at double time) or a syncopated pattern
between the double chops. Both these patterns can be expanded on and
improvised embellishments are sometimes used.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-80108900519564568102013-03-15T18:25:00.007-07:002013-03-15T18:25:54.655-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bass">Bass</span></h3>
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Aston Barret</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>
often plays the dominant role in reggae, and the drum and bass is often
the most important part of what is called, in Jamaican music, a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">riddim</a></i>
(rhythm), a (usually simple) piece of music that's used repeatedly by
different artists to write and record songs with. Literally hundreds of
reggae singers have released different songs recorded over the same
rhythm. The central role of the bass can be particularly heard in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a> — which gives an even bigger role to the drum and bass line, reducing the vocals and other instruments to peripheral roles.<br />
The bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_%28audio%29" title="Equalization (audio)">equalized</a> so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The bass line is often a repeated two or four bar <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a>
when simple chord progressions are used. The simplest example of this
might be Robbie Shakespeare's bass line for the Black Uhuru hit "Shine
Eye Gal". In the case of more complex harmonic structures, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holt_%28singer%29" title="John Holt (singer)">John Holt</a>'s
version of "Stranger In Love", these simpler patterns are altered to
follow the chord progression either by directly moving the pattern
around or by changing some of the interior notes in the phrase to better
support the chords.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-50943194176840494972013-03-15T18:25:00.003-07:002013-03-15T18:25:29.038-07:00<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Drums_and_other_percussion">Drums and other percussion</span></h3>
A standard drum kit is generally used in reggae, but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a> is often tuned very high to give it a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">timbales</a>-type
sound. Some reggae drummers use an additional timbale or high-tuned
snare to get this sound. Cross-stick technique on the snare drum is
commonly used, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom-tom_drums" title="Tom-tom drums">tom-tom drums</a> are often incorporated into the drumbeat itself.<br />
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Robbie Shakespeare</div>
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Reggae <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumbeats" title="Drumbeats">drumbeats</a> fall into three main categories: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_drop_rhythm" title="One drop rhythm">One drop</a></i>, <i>Rockers</i>, and <i>Steppers</i>. With the <i>One drop</i>,
the emphasis is entirely on the third beat of the bar (usually on the
snare, or as a rim shot combined with bass drum). Beat one is empty
except for a closed high hat commonly used, which is unusual in popular
music. There is some controversy about whether reggae should be counted
so that this beat falls on three, or whether it should be counted half
as fast, so it falls on two and four. An example played by Barrett can
be heard in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers" title="Bob Marley and the Wailers">Bob Marley and the Wailers</a> song "One Drop". Barrett often used an unusual <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_rhythm" title="Irrational rhythm">triplet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">cross-rhythm</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hi-hat</a>, which can be heard on many recordings by Bob Marley and the Wailers, such as "Running Away" on the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_%28album%29" title="Kaya (album)">Kaya</a></i> album.<br />
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Sly Dunbar</div>
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An emphasis on beat three is in all reggae drumbeats, but with the <i>Rockers</i> beat, the emphasis is also on beat one (usually on bass drum). This beat was pioneered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie" title="Sly and Robbie">Sly and Robbie</a>,
who later helped create the "Rub-a-Dub" sound that greatly influenced
dancehall. Sly has openly stated he was influenced to create this style
by listening to American drummer Earl Young as well as other disco and
R&B drummers in the early to mid-1970s, as stated in the book
"Wailing Blues". The prototypical example of the style is found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_Dunbar" title="Sly Dunbar">Sly Dunbar</a>'s drumming on "Right Time" by the Mighty Diamonds. The <i>Rockers</i> beat is not always straightforward, and various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopations</a> are often included. An example of this is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Uhuru" title="Black Uhuru">Black Uhuru</a> song "Sponji Reggae".<br />
In <i>Steppers</i>, the bass drum plays four solid beats to the bar,
giving the beat an insistent drive. An example is "Exodus" by Bob Marley
and the Wailers. Another common name for the <i>Steppers</i> beat is the "four on the floor". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a>'s 1975 song "Red, Gold, and Green" (with Leroy Wallace on drums) is one of the earliest examples. The <i>Steppers</i> beat was adopted (at a much higher tempo) by some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Tone" title="2 Tone">2 Tone</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> revival bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.<br />
An unusual characteristic of reggae drumming is that the drum fills
often do not end with a climactic cymbal. A wide range of other
percussion instrumentation are used in reggae. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">Bongos</a> are often used to play free, improvised patterns, with heavy use of African-style <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-rhythm" title="Cross-rhythm">cross-rhythms</a>. Cowbells, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a> and shakers tend to have more defined roles and a set pattern.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-73808037541153851152013-03-15T18:25:00.000-07:002013-03-15T18:25:01.734-07:00<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Musical_characteristics">Musical characteristics</span></h2>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skank_guitar" title="Skank guitar">Skank guitar</a> rhythm often considered "'the' reggae beat"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid" title="Reggae double riff on D and Em64 straight.mid">Play straight</a><small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_straight.mid" title="File:Reggae double riff on D and Em64 straight.mid"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span> or <span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid" title="Reggae double riff on D and Em64 shuffle.mid">Play shuffle</a><small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reggae_double_riff_on_D_and_Em64_shuffle.mid" title="File:Reggae double riff on D and Em64 shuffle.mid"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>.</div>
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Stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> (R&B), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> African and Latin American music, as well as other genres.<br />
Reggae is played in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">4/4 time</a>
because the symmetrical rhythmic pattern does not lend itself to other
time signatures such as 3/4 time. One of the most easily recognizable
elements is offbeat rhythms; staccato chords played by a guitar or piano
(or both) on the offbeats of the measure, often referred to as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">skank</a>.<br />
This rhythmic pattern accents the second and fourth beats in each <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_%28music%29" title="Bar (music)">bar</a>
and combines with the drum's emphasis on beat three to create a unique
sense of phrasing. The reggae offbeat can be counted so that it falls
between each count as an "and" (example: 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and etc.)
or counted as a half-time feel at twice the tempo so it falls on beats 2
and 4. This is in contrast to the way most other popular genres focus
on beat one, the "downbeat".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The tempo of reggae is usually slower than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> It is this slower tempo, the guitar/piano offbeats, the emphasis on the third beat, and the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a>,
melodic bass lines that differentiate reggae from other music, although
other musical styles have incorporated some of these innovations.<br />
Harmonically the music is essentially the same as any other modern popular genre with a tendency to make use of simple <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_%28music%29" title="Chord (music)">chord</a>
progressions. Reggae sometimes uses the dominant chord in its minor
form therefore never allowing a perfect cadence to be sounded; this lack
of resolution between the tonic and the dominant imparts a sense of
movement "without rest" and harmonic ambiguity. Extended chords like the
major 7th ("Waiting in Vain" by Bob Marley) and minor 7th are used
though suspended chords or diminished chords are rare. Minor keys are
commonly used especially with the minor chord forms of the subdominant
and dominant chord (for example in the key of G minor the progression
may be played Gm - Dm - Gm - Dm - Cm - Dm - Cm - Dm). A simple
progression borrowed from rhythm 'n blues and soul music is the tonic
chord followed by the minor supertonic chord with the two chords
repeated continuously to form a complete verse ("Just My Imagination" by
The Temptations C - Dm7).<br />
The concept of "call and response" can be found throughout reggae
music, in the vocals but also in the way parts are composed and arranged
for each instrument. The emphasis on the "third beat" of the bar also
results in a different sense of musical phrasing, with bass lines and
melody lines often emphasizing what might be considered "pick up notes"
in other genres.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-54442118457188269612013-03-15T18:24:00.003-07:002013-03-15T18:24:31.031-07:00<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
Reggae developed from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B">R&B</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a> music in the 1960s. The shift from rocksteady to reggae was illustrated by the organ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swung_note" title="Swung note">shuffle</a> pioneered by Jamaican musicians like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a> and Winston Wright and featured in transitional singles "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Eccles" title="Clancy Eccles">Clancy Eccles</a> and "People Funny Boy" (1968) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneers_%28band%29" title="The Pioneers (band)">The Pioneers</a>'
1968 track "Long Shot (Bus' Me Bet)" has been identified as the
earliest recorded example of the new rhythm sound that became known as
reggae.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Early 1968 was when the first genuine reggae records were released: "Nanny Goat" by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Marshall_%28singer%29" title="Larry Marshall (singer)">Larry Marshall</a> and "No More Heartaches" by The Beltones. American artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash" title="Johnny Nash">Johnny Nash</a>'s 1968 hit "Hold Me Tight" has been credited with first putting reggae in the American listener charts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>
Around that time, reggae influences were starting to surface in rock
music. An example of a rock song featuring a reggae rhythm is 1968's "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob-La-Di,_Ob-La-Da" title="Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da">Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da</a>" by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 233px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob-Marley.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="327" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg/231px-Bob-Marley.jpg" width="231" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob-Marley.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> in 1980.</div>
</div>
</div>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wailers_%281963%E2%80%931974_band%29" title="The Wailers (1963–1974 band)">The Wailers</a>, a band started by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Wailer" title="Bunny Wailer">Bunny Wailer</a>
in 1963, is perhaps the most recognized band that made the transition
through all three stages of early Jamaican popular music: ska,
rocksteady and reggae. Other significant reggae pioneers include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Dekker" title="Desmond Dekker">Desmond Dekker</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Boothe" title="Ken Boothe">Ken Boothe</a>.<br />
Notable Jamaican producers influential in the development of ska into rocksteady and reggae include: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd" title="Coxsone Dodd">Coxsone Dodd</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kong" title="Leslie Kong">Leslie Kong</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Reid" title="Duke Reid">Duke Reid</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_%28record_producer%29" title="Joe Gibbs (record producer)">Joe Gibbs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tubby" title="King Tubby">King Tubby</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a>, who founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a>
in Jamaica in 1960, relocated to England in 1962, where he continued to
promote Jamaican music. He formed a partnership with Lee Gopthal's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a> in 1968, which released reggae in the UK until bought by Saga records in 1974.<br />
Reggae influence bubbled to the top of the U.S. Billboard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100" title="Hot 100">Hot 100</a> charts in late 1972. First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night" title="Three Dog Night">Three Dog Night</a> hit #1 in September with a cover of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maytones" title="The Maytones">the Maytones</a>' version of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_White_%28Three_Dog_Night_song%29" title="Black and White (Three Dog Night song)">Black and White</a>". Then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash" title="Johnny Nash">Johnny Nash</a> was at #1 for four weeks in November with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now" title="I Can See Clearly Now">I Can See Clearly Now</a>".<br />
In 1973, the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a></i> starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a>
was released and introduced Jamaican music to cinema audiences outside
of Jamaica. Though the film achieved cult status its limited appeal
meant that it had a smaller impact than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>'s 1974 cover of Bob Marley's "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shot_the_Sheriff" title="I Shot the Sheriff">I Shot the Sheriff</a>"
which made it onto the playlists of mainstream rock and pop radio
stations worldwide. Clapton's "I Shot The Sheriff" used modern rock
production and recording techniques and faithfully retained most of the
original reggae elements; it was a breakthrough pastiche devoid of any
parody and played an important part in bringing the music of Bob Marley
to a wider rock audience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, authentic reggae dub plates and specials were getting some exposure in the UK on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a>'s radio show, who promoted the genre for the rest of his career. Around the same time, British filmmaker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Marre" title="Jeremy Marre">Jeremy Marre</a> documented the Jamaican music scene in <i>Roots Rock Reggae</i>, capturing the heyday of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#Roots_reggae">roots reggae</a>.<br />
In the second half of the 1970s, the UK <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> scene was starting to form, and reggae was a notable influence. The DJ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Letts" title="Don Letts">Don Letts</a> would play reggae and punk tracks at clubs such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roxy" title="The Roxy">The Roxy</a>. Punk bands such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruts" title="The Ruts">The Ruts</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Members" title="The Members">The Members</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">The Slits</a>
played many reggae-influenced songs. Around the same time, reggae music
took a new path in the UK; one that was created by the multiracial
makeup of England's inner cities and exemplified by groups like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswad_%28band%29" title="Aswad (band)">Aswad</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, as well as artists such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley_Culture" title="Smiley Culture">Smiley Culture</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Thompson" title="Carroll Thompson">Carroll Thompson</a>. The Jamaican ghetto themes in the lyrics were replaced with UK inner city themes, and Jamaican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a> became intermingled with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> slang. In South London around this time, a new subgenre of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_Rock" title="Lovers Rock">Lovers Rock</a>, was being created. Unlike the Jamaican music of the same name which was mainly dominated by male artists such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs" title="Gregory Isaacs">Gregory Isaacs</a>, the South London genre was led by female singers like Thompson and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Kay" title="Janet Kay">Janet Kay</a>. The UK Lovers Rock had a softer and more commercial sound.<br />
Other reggae artists who enjoyed international appeal in the early 1980s include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_%28band%29" title="Third World (band)">Third World</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Uhuru" title="Black Uhuru">Black Uhuru</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Minott" title="Sugar Minott">Sugar Minott</a>. The Grammy Awards introduced the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Reggae_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album">Best Reggae Album</a> category in 1985.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-52203955089520649592013-03-15T18:24:00.000-07:002013-03-15T18:24:04.181-07:00<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
The 1967 edition of the <i>Dictionary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></i> lists <i>reggae</i> as "a recently estab. sp. for <i>rege</i>", as in <i>rege-rege</i>, a word that can mean either "rags, ragged clothing" or "a quarrel, a row".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Reggae</i> as a musical term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_the_Reggay" title="Do the Reggay">Do the Reggay</a>" by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_%26_the_Maytals" title="Toots & the Maytals">The Maytals</a>,
but there are many different theories as to how the term originated.
The music itself was faster than rocksteady, but tighter and more
complex than ska, with obvious debts to both styles, while going beyond
them both.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Speaking to the term's origins, reggae artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Morgan" title="Derrick Morgan">Derrick Morgan</a> stated:<br />
<blockquote>
We didn't like the name rock steady, so I tried a different version
of 'Fat Man'. It changed the beat again, it used the organ to creep. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Lee" title="Bunny Lee">Bunny Lee</a>,
the producer, liked that. He created the sound with the organ and the
rhythm guitar. It sounded like 'reggae, reggae' and that name just took
off. Bunny Lee started using the world [<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and soon all the musicians were saying 'reggae, reggae, reggae'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>
Reggae historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barrow" title="Steve Barrow">Steve Barrow</a> credits <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Eccles" title="Clancy Eccles">Clancy Eccles</a> with altering the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_patois" title="Jamaican patois">Jamaican patois</a> word <i>streggae</i> (loose woman) into <i>reggae</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_Hibbert" title="Toots Hibbert">Toots Hibbert</a> said:<br />
<blockquote>
There's a word we used to use in Jamaica called 'streggae'. If a gal
is walking and the guys look at her and say 'Man, she's streggae' it
means she don't dress well, she look raggedy. The girls would say that
about the men too. This one morning me and my two friends were playing
and I said, 'OK man, let's do the reggay.' It was just something that
came out of my mouth. So we just start singing 'Do the reggay, do the
reggay' and created a beat. People tell me later that we had given the
sound its name. Before that people had called it blue-beat and all kind
of other things. Now it's in the Guinness World of Records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> is said to have claimed that the word <i>reggae</i> came from a Spanish term for "the king's music".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The liner notes of <i>To the King</i>, a compilation of Christian gospel reggae, suggest that the word <i>reggae</i> was derived from the Latin <i>regi</i> meaning "to the king".<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Precursors">Precursors</span></h2>
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox hlist" style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="" colspan="2" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e5e4e2; text-align: center;">General topics</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jamaican_music" title="Category:Jamaican music">Related articles</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e5e4e2; text-align: center;">Genres</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyabinghi_chants" title="Niyabinghi chants">Niyabinghi</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Reggae</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_system_%28Jamaican%29" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound systems</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_%28music%29" title="Dub (music)">Dub</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">Dub poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">Toasting</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Raggamuffin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska_Punk" title="Ska Punk">Ska Punk</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e5e4e2; text-align: center;">Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">National anthem</th>
<td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Jamaica, Land We Love</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e5e4e2; text-align: center;">Regional music</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Music of Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St Vincent and Grenadines</a></li>
<li>San Andres, Providence and Katleena</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li>
</ul>
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Although strongly influenced by traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a>, American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and old-time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, reggae owes its direct origins to the progressive development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> in 1960s Jamaica. An important factor in this development was the influence of Rastafari, with Rasta drummers like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Ossie" title="Count Ossie">Count Ossie</a> contributing to seminal recordings, bringing the influence of these rhythmic patterns into the music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Ska arose in the studios of Jamaica in the late 1950s; it developed from the earlier <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> genre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Ska is most easily characterized as a quarter note <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_bass" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a> line, accentuated guitar or piano rhythms on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-beat" title="On-beat">offbeat</a>,
and a drum pattern that places the emphasis on the 3rd beat of the bar.
It is very memorable for its jazz-influenced horn riffs. Jamaica gained
its independence in 1962 and ska became the music of choice for
Jamaican youth seeking music that was their own. It is also worth noting
that ska gained some popularity among <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_%28subculture%29" title="Mod (subculture)">mods</a> in Britain.<br />
There have been many interesting theories as to why Jamaican
musicians slowed the ska sound to make rocksteady, including the singer
Hopeton Lewis simply being unable to sing his hit record "Take It Easy"
at a ska tempo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NiceupHistory_2-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae#cite_note-NiceupHistory-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>
By 1968, many musicians had begun playing the tempo of ska slower,
while utilizing more syncopated bass patterns and smaller bands. This
new, slower sound was called rocksteady, a name solidified after the
release of a single by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Ellis" title="Alton Ellis">Alton Ellis</a>.
The rocksteady style is most often indistinguishable from reggae,
although reggae tends to focus lyrically more on lyrics based on black
consciousness, Rastafari and the effects of poverty. Some reggae also
introduced a much slower tempo than rocksteady. The "double skank"
guitar strokes on the offbeat were also part of the new reggae style.<br />
Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-29359810159066252262013-03-15T18:20:00.010-07:002013-03-15T18:20:38.003-07:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/2013/03/tas-vespa.html">tas vespa</a>
</h3>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_date">08.46</span>
<span class="meta_categories"><a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/tas%20vespa" rel="tag">tas vespa</a></span>
<span class="meta_comments"><a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/2013/03/tas-vespa.html#comment-form">No comments</a></span>
</div>
<span style="float: left; padding: 0px 10px 5px 0px;"><img height="150px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jbFVXafoO3k/UTN70BQZs7I/AAAAAAAAB6E/Tl3fCOO9fIE/s320/tas+vespa+2.jpg" width="200px" /></span>ok berikut ini gw akan posting tas vespa, langsung aja bro simak penampakanya berikut ini
Tas vespa
Rp. 45.000,-
call 08139244Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-63705382525452254482013-03-15T18:20:00.008-07:002013-03-15T18:20:32.245-07:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/2013/03/helm-vespa-nazi-jh.html">helm vespa nazi jh</a>
</h3>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_date">18.42</span>
<span class="meta_categories"><a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/half%20face" rel="tag">half face</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/helm%20pilot" rel="tag">helm pilot</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/helm%20unik" rel="tag">helm unik</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/Helm%20Vespa" rel="tag">Helm Vespa</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/hitam" rel="tag">hitam</a></span>
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assalamualikum,
selamat pagi brother n sister, serta agan - agan sekalian penggemar
helm vespa... pagi ini aku akan share helm yg gak kalah keren ama para
pendahulunya berikut ini adalah HELM VESPA NAZI JH , dengan dominasi
warna hitam berbalut motif kulit serta jaring yg berwarna hitam pula
,benar-benar membuat helm ini tampak beda dari yg lain, terkesan classic
dan elegan, oke gan langsung aja kita ke TKP
HELM VESPA NAZI JH
Harga...</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4317402882202183304" name="7374664283950865926"></a>Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-76618919226499956412013-03-15T18:20:00.005-07:002013-03-15T18:20:20.441-07:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/2013/03/helm-vespa-bogo-hitam-bintang-biru.html">helm vespa bogo hitam bintang biru </a>
</h3>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_date">22.32</span>
<span class="meta_categories"><a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/half%20face" rel="tag">half face</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/helm%20bogo" rel="tag">helm bogo</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/hitam" rel="tag">hitam</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/JPN%20Helmets" rel="tag">JPN Helmets</a></span>
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<div id="summary3033527443420624638">
<span style="float: left; padding: 0px 10px 5px 0px;"><img height="150px" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9J10ojmOKxc/UTbdYqJ-C3I/AAAAAAAAB8E/4KzbLvKmHNg/s320/helm+bogo+bintang+biru.jpg" width="200px" /></span><div>
Assalamualaikum, selamat siang pecinta helm sekalian, gmana kabarnya
nih? semoga tetap sehat wal'afiat, oke kali ini aku akan share helm bogo
yg gak kalah kerenya sama helm - helm bogo yang lain yup berikut ini
adalah HELM VESPA BOGO HITAM BINTANG BIRU, hampir pada seluruh bodynya
helm ini diguyur dengan warna hitam glossy, oke daripada penasaran
langsung aja kita simak gambar berikut bro!
helm vespa bogo hitam bintang...</div>
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Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4317402882202183304.post-19204795912239498942013-03-15T18:20:00.002-07:002013-03-15T18:20:06.183-07:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/2013/03/helm-cewek-mtr-panda.html">Helm Cewek MTR Panda</a>
</h3>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_date">23.55</span>
<span class="meta_categories"><a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/helm%20cewek" rel="tag">helm cewek</a>, <a href="http://www.helmotor.blogspot.com/search/label/MTR" rel="tag">MTR</a></span>
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<span style="float: left; padding: 0px 10px 5px 0px;"><img height="150px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--920l9ac00I/UTlCLb5DwyI/AAAAAAAAB8s/QP-K1QWsVgQ/s320/helm+MTR+Panda.jpg" width="200px" /></span><div>
oke
kali inigw akan sedikit manjain cewek-cewek, berikut ini ada helm yg
unyu-unyu buat kamu para cewek , berikut ini adalah Helm Cewek Panda
MTR, oke daripada penasaran langsung aja simak penampakanya berikut ini
Sisth!
dengan grafis panda yg unyu , helm initmpil cantik dan sangat pantas
dipakai bagi kamu cewek-cewek
Helm Cewek Panda MTR
Harga : Rp. 200.000,-
Call : 081392448955 ( Anggar )
...</div>
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Kukuh Timethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15277001600876398495noreply@blogger.com0